焼き物作家といえばほとんどは陶磁器の作家であって、土器というのは珍しい。学生の頃から土器をつくり続けている熊谷幸治さんは、その土器作家として活動して20年になる。
「当時は作家でやっている人は聞いたことがなくて、土器では将来食べていけないと心配されたんですよ」と熊谷さん。
When we think of ceramic artists, most work with porcelain or stoneware, so specializing in doki (earthenware) is quite rare. Kumagai Yukiharu, who has been making earthenware since his student days, has now been active in his field for twenty years."Back then, I had never heard of anyone pursuing it professionally, and people worried that I wouldn’t be able to make a living with earthenware," Kumagai recalls.
道具に機能性や実用性が求められる現代、土器は暮らしとは無関係な過去のものに思われがちだ。身の回りを見ても、道具として使われている土器は数少ない。だが博物館や資料館など、どこかでワクワクしながら土器を見た経験があるとしたら、土器の魅力は道具かどうかではない何かであることに気づくだろう。
「土器をつくった昔の人は、焼き方よりも土そのものに意識を持っていたように感じます。僕は土器に出会う前は陶器をつくっていて、そのきっかけも土を触っていると楽しかったから。土が好きなんです」
高校で進路を決める時期に、友人から聞いて美術大学に進んだという熊谷さん。技術やデザインに興味を持って、工芸工業デザイン科のクラフトコースに入学、陶芸を専攻した。
「土を触るのは楽しいのに、焼くと何か残念だったんです、ずっと。その当時は電気窯だったし、すごくプレーンな感じにかたく焼き上がっていて…。自分の理想としては、つくっている時のやわらかい土の感触、そのままに焼き上がってほしいと思っていました」
In an age when tools are expected to be functional and practical, earthenware is often seen as something from a distant past, unrelated to daily life. Even looking around, few earthenware pieces are used daily. However, if you have ever experienced the thrill of seeing earthenware at a museum or exhibition, you may realize that the charm of earthenware lies in something beyond its function as a tool.
“I feel that the people who made earthenware in the past were less concerned with firing methods and more attuned to the soil itself. Before I encountered earthenware, I was making pottery, and the reason I started was simply because I enjoyed touching the clay. I love clay,” says Kumagai.
When he had to decide his path in high school, a friend’s suggestion led him to apply to art university. Fascinated by technique and design, he enrolled in the craft course of the Industrial Design Department and majored in ceramics.
“I always enjoyed working with clay, but I was disappointed by the results after firing. Back then, we used electric kilns, and the pieces came out very plain and hard... I wished they would keep the soft feel of the clay as it was when making the piece.”
そもそも熊谷さんは形をつくりたいというよりは、土を生かしたいという気持ちが強い。かたく焼き上がったものには、どうしても夢中になれなかった。ただ将来は焼き物で独立しようと考えていて、日本一周、焼き物の産地を巡る旅へ出た。いろいろな窯元を訪ね歩いたものの、これをやりたいと思える焼き物には出会えず悶々としていた。
「たまたま入った資料館で土器を見たんです。それは今でもよく覚えているんですけれど、土器も焼き物だと認識した瞬間があって。何かルーツみたいなものを感じたのかわからないけれど、とにかく縄文土器を見たらドキーンと来た。たくさんの焼き物を見てきたけれど、自分にしっくりくるものが縄文だったんです」
その時の展示は、縄文から現代へ、時代を追って新しい焼き物に進化していくというものだったが、熊谷さんには縄文の焼き物が何よりもすばらしく見えた。
「縄文土器というと、造形や装飾に目を向ける人が多いけれど、僕は焼き物屋の目線だから。形とかではなくて、焼き上がった土の状態に魅力を感じたんです。限りなく土っぽいというところに。それで、やるならいちばん良いと思えるものをやろうと、思い切って陶器ではなく、土器をつくることにしたんです」
For Kumagai, it is less about making shapes and more about bringing out the life contained within the clay. He couldn’t really get passionate about things that were fired hard and rigid. However, he planned to become independent as a ceramic artist, so he traveled around Japan visiting pottery centers. Despite visiting many kilns, he didn’t find the kind of work that truly resonated with him, and frustration grew.
“One day, I happened to enter a museum and saw some earthenware. I still remember that moment clearly. It was when I realized earthenware is also a type of ceramic. I’m not sure if it was a sense of connection to my roots, but when I saw Jōmon earthenware, I was struck. I had seen many types of ceramics, but the Jōmon ones felt the most right to me.”
The exhibition he saw traced the evolution of ceramics from the Jōmon period to the present day, but to Kumagai, nothing surpassed the Jōmon works.
“Most people focus on the shapes or decorations of Jōmon earthenware, but as a ceramicist, I was attracted to the clay after firing, so unmistakably earthy. That’s why I decided to go all in on earthenware.”
陶器と土器の違いについて、熊谷さんは飴と角砂糖にたとえてくれた。1000℃以上の高温で焼く陶器は、土の成分が溶け固まって飴のような状態になる。一方、土器は600〜900℃という低めの温度で焼くため、表面だけが溶けて隣の粒とくっついている角砂糖のような状態。土器が土に近いように感じられるのはそのためだ。
実際に大学で土器をつくり始めてみると、窯が問題になった。他の学生たちが焼く陶磁器の温度と土器の温度は違うため、一緒に焼くことはできなかったのだ。
「共同窯だから一人だけで焼くのは無理で、何か方法はないかと探していたら、あったんですよ、焼却炉が(笑)。聞いたらちょうど土器の温度くらい。それはいいと思って焼いてもらいました」
Kumagai compares the difference between stoneware and earthenware to candy and sugar cubes. Stoneware is fired at high temperatures above 1000℃, causing the clay’s components to melt and vitrify like candy.Earthenware, fired at a lower temperature of 600–900°C, melts only partially on the surface and fuses like sugar cubes sticking together. This is why earthenware feels closer to raw earth.
When Kumagai began making earthenware at university, the kiln became an issue. Because the firing temperatures typically used by other students were different from those for earthenware, it was impossible to fire them together.
“Since it was a shared kiln, I couldn’t fire my work alone, so I was looking for another way. Then, I found an incinerator,” he laughs. “When I asked about it, I learned it reached around the right temperature for earthenware. I thought that would work, so I had my pieces fired there.”
つづきは書籍『百工のデザイン JAPAN CRAFTを巡って』へ
photo : Keisuke Osumi (panorama),
edit / writing : Noriko Takeuchi (panorama),
Interviewed in September 2023.

土器作家。1978年、神奈川県に生まれる。武蔵野美術大学陶磁専攻卒業。現在、非常勤講師。在学中、縄文土器に感銘を受けて土器づくりを始める。土器、土偶、土面、埴輪、泥絵などを制作。焼かない日干しの作品も手がける。人はなぜ土で形づくり、焼き、使い、割ったのか。現代における土や土器質の有用性、心理的効果が主なテーマ。
Doki (Earthenware) Artist. Born in 1978 in Kanagawa Prefecture. Graduated from the Craft Course, Department of Industrial, Interior and Craft Design, Musashino Art University. Currently a part-time lecturer. During his studies, Kumagai was deeply impressed by Jōmon-doki —earthenware made during the Jōmon period (c. 13,000–300 BCE)— and began creating his own. He produces a wide range of works, including earthenware vessels, dogū (clay figurines), clay masks, haniwa (terracotta figures), and paintings made with mud. He also creates sun-dried pieces that are left unfired. His practice revolves around a fundamental question: Why did humans shape clay, fire it, use it, and then break it? His themes focus on the usefulness and psychological resonance of earth and the qualities of earthenware in the present day.